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: Throw exceptions early (at the start of the method).

: Use this when constructors have many parameters (especially optional ones). : Throw exceptions early (at the start of the method)

: Don't use them for normal control flow. : Throw exceptions early (at the start of the method)

: Enums are full-fledged classes providing type safety and powerful features. : Throw exceptions early (at the start of the method)

: This prevents NullPointerException for the caller.

: Inheritance breaks encapsulation; use wrappers or delegates instead.

The book’s mantra is: If you follow these patterns, your code will be idiomatic and maintainable. To help you apply these concepts: