Focuses on foundational terms (e.g., latitude, longitude, relief, humidity). Learning Objectives By studying this textbook, students are expected to: Understand the basic methods of geographical research. Read and understand maps and topographical plans.

Types of rocks, structure of the Earth, volcanoes, earthquakes, weathering, and landforms (mountains/plains).

Explain basic physical processes (e.g., why seasons change, how clouds form). Recognize the main landforms and water bodies.

What geography studies, methods of research (observation, description), and the history of geographical discoveries.

Soil, flora, and fauna distribution.