Thirty-years-war – Quick & Full

Spain and the Holy Roman Empire fought to maintain Catholic dominance and imperial unity.

Sweden, Denmark, and—most notably— France joined to weaken the Habsburgs. Interestingly, Catholic France fought on the Protestant side, proving that national interest (limiting German power) had become more important than religious solidarity. 3. The Human Cost thirty-years-war

The Swedish King Gustavus Adolphus, the "Father of Modern Warfare," changed the tide. He integrated infantry, cavalry, and mobile artillery, securing a massive victory at Breitenfeld (1361) that saved the Protestant cause from total collapse. 5. The Legacy: Peace of Westphalia (1648) Spain and the Holy Roman Empire fought to

France emerged as the dominant power on the continent, while the Holy Roman Empire began a long, slow decline into a loose collection of independent states. the "Father of Modern Warfare