Switch-mode Power Supplies – Simple & Ultimate

A "chopper" (switching transistor) converts the DC voltage into a high-frequency pulse train.

Output voltage is maintained through Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) , where the duty cycle (ratio of on-to-off time) is adjusted by a feedback mechanism to compensate for load or input variations. 3. Common Topologies Switch-Mode Power Supplies

Typically power MOSFETs or BJTs that perform the rapid switching. A "chopper" (switching transistor) converts the DC voltage

Capacitors and inductors used at both input and output to reduce ripple and EMI. 6. Market and Applications Switch-Mode Power Supplies