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McKenzie argues that these developments foster a "culture of nonparticipation" and diminish residents' sense of responsibility for the broader public city, potentially deepening social and economic segregation. Historical and Academic Context

CIDs allow residents to opt out of municipal services by providing their own private alternatives (security, park maintenance, trash collection) through mandatory fees. PrivateTopia.rar

Evan McKenzie examines the rapid growth of Common Interest Developments (CIDs)—such as homeowner associations (HOAs), condominiums, and gated communities—and their transformation into a form of . His primary arguments include: McKenzie argues that these developments foster a "culture