: The Portuguese, seeking to monopolize the spice trade after capturing Malacca in 1511, attacked and eventually conquered Samudera Pasai.
: By the 15th century, Malacca had emerged as a more strategic and efficient trading hub, causing international merchants to bypass Pasai’s ports. : The Portuguese, seeking to monopolize the spice
: The Majapahit Empire, led by Gajah Mada , attacked Samudera Pasai to control its lucrative spice trade and maritime dominance. : Following the Portuguese withdrawal, Sultan Ali Mughayat
: Following the Portuguese withdrawal, Sultan Ali Mughayat Syah of the Aceh Darussalam Sultanate incorporated Pasai into his growing empire to unify the region against colonial powers. Historical Significance Ini Penyebab Kemunduran Kerajaan Islam Samudra Pasai External Factors of Collapse
The collapse of , the first Islamic kingdom in the Indonesian archipelago, was not caused by a single event but rather a combination of internal conflicts and external pressures during the 14th to 16th centuries.
: According to the Hikayat Raja-Raja Pasai , the tyrannical behavior of Sultan Ahmad , who reportedly killed his own sons out of jealousy, contributed significantly to the loss of public and military trust. External Factors of Collapse