Bmp4 -

: Binding to Type I (ALK3/ALK6) and Type II (BMPR2) receptors triggers the phosphorylation of R-Smads (Smad1/5/8) , which complex with Smad4 and move into the nucleus to regulate gene expression.

: It initiates bone and cartilage development and is particularly critical for patterning teeth. Mutations in BMP4 are linked to tooth agenesis (missing teeth). : Binding to Type I (ALK3/ALK6) and Type

: It typically suppresses "default" neural differentiation to promote skin formation; however, in the adult brain, it helps maintain neural stem cell pools. Metabolic & Clinical Significance in the adult brain