Atopy

: These cells produce cytokines (IL-4, IL-13) that trigger B cells to differentiate into plasma cells producing allergen-specific IgE.

: Upon re-exposure, allergens cross-link IgE on the surface of mast cells, causing degranulation and the release of inflammatory mediators like histamine and leukotrienes. 2. The Atopic March : These cells produce cytokines (IL-4, IL-13) that

: Often the first sign in infancy, caused by skin barrier defects (e.g., filaggrin mutations) that allow for epicutaneous allergen sensitization. : These cells produce cytokines (IL-4

: Antigen-presenting cells perceive allergens (like pollen or dust mites) as danger signals, activating TH2 or ILC2 cells. caused by skin barrier defects (e.g.